ESL Teaching Approaches

Major Approaches

  • The Communicative Language Teaching Method (CLT)
  • Deductive Approach
  • Task-Based Lesson
  • The Structural Approach

Teaching Approaches

Why do teachers need to use different teaching approaches?

Besides from promoting classroom inclusivity, engagement, active learning and comprehension, implementing various teaching approaches encourages differentiated instructions to cater to language learners' diverse learning styles. According to Hidayah binti Umar and Abdul Aziz (2024), teachers may foster 21st century skills in language learners and give them positive, equal opportunity by implementing differentiated instruction to accommodate diverse learning styles in heterogeneous classrooms as it is consistent with the Ministry of Education Blueprint 2013–2025.

Kagan Cooperative Strategies are a set of instructional methods in order to foster collaboration, engagement, and active participation in the classroom. Dr. Spencer Kagan believes that students learn more effectively when they work together, share ideas, and actively engage in the learning process. This collaborative approach helps improve academic achievement, social skills, and motivation.

The Principles of Kagan Cooperative Strategies

P

Positive Interdependance

In cooperative learning, success comes from the success of the group. Every member's contribution is vital to bring success to the shared goal of the group.

Example: The "Jigsaw" Activity

I

Individual Accountability

When students work in a group, each member should contribute to the group work and their individual performance should at least be noticed by their groupmates.

Example: The "Numbered Heads Together" Activity

E

Equal Participation

Each student in a group has equal opportunity and equal time to participate in a discussion, ensuring no one is left out in the learning process.

Example:  The "Round Robin" Activity

S

Simultaneous Interaction 

Unlike traditional classroom where the teacher controls the flow of the learning session, cooperative learning encourages simultaneous engagement from all the students. (Students are actively engaged in the classroom at the same time, speaking, thinking, discussing, sharing rather than listening passively in the traditional classroom.)

Example: The "Stand Up, Hand Up, Pair Up" Activity

More strategies
REFERENCES

Cherry, K. (2023, December 13). Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation: What’s the difference? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/differences-between-extrinsic-and-intrinsic-motivation-2795384

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HIDAYAH BINTI UMAR, N., & ABDUL AZIZ, A. (2024). Differentiated Instruction in ESL Classrooms: Insights from ESL Primary School Teachers [Review of Differentiated Instruction in ESL Classrooms: Insights from ESL Primary School Teachers]. https://journalarticle.ukm.my/24091/1/67%E2%80%9380%2077253-253880-1-PB.pdf


Metacognitive Strategies | Center for Teaching Innovation. (2014). Cornell.edu. https://teaching.cornell.edu/teaching-resources/active-collaborative-learning/metacognitive-strategies


Ramadan, M. (2020, July 30). Learning Styles & Strategies -. https://elttguide.com/learning-strategies-learning-styles/


wdavies. (2022, February 2). Popular TEFL/ESL Teaching Methods Every Teacher Should Know. Premier TEFL. https://premiertefl.com/blog/methods-and-materials-for-teaching-english-online/


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